汽车质量标准101：真正的资格确实得到了你

Designing today’s cars is an enormously complex business. What makes them complex? Some cars have more computing power than jet aircraft, with as many as100 programmable Electronic Control Units (ECUs)和up to 100 million lines of code帮助从发动机和动力传动系站到信息娱乐，通信和安全和驾驶员援助系统的所有内容。随着汽车技术迅速进入更复杂的驾驶员援助系统和自驾车，复杂性才会增加。

Key industry quality standards

For a component to be automotive qualified, manufacturers have to meet specific industry standards throughout the manufacturing and testing process. Three key standards are16949年IATF AEC-Q100和AEC-Q200.:

• IATF 16949..The global automotive industry standard for quality management systems. The automotive industry generally expects parts to be manufactured, assembled and tested in IATF 16949-qualified facilities.
• AEC-Q100 & AEC-Q200.在释放设备之前的资格阶段，每个组件必须存活电池 - 标准测试：
  • AEC-Q100定义标准测试活动组件such as switches and power amplifiers (PAs).
  • AEC-Q200.涵盖类似的测试被动设备such as RF filters used in Wi-Fi and cellular communications.

Some of these tests are unique to the automotive industry and aren’t conducted at all on parts intended for commercial use. Examples are the test for early life failure rate (ELFR), which subjects multiple samples of 800 components to temperatures of at least 125°C, and the power temperature cycling (PTC) test, which repeatedly cycles between extremely high (125°C) and extremely low (‑40°C or even lower) temperatures.

Other tests are conducted under harsher conditions — such as higher temperatures — than when testing commercial parts, or using larger lot sizes to provide greater statistical confidence in the reliability of production components.

Also, because cars last much longer than other electronic devices, manufacturers typically must ensure a supply of each automotive component will be available for 10 years.

Additional testing for auto-qualified parts: From wafer stage to finished product

除了适用于商业零部件的标准测试外，汽车组件还经历了在生产过程中的每个主要阶段的进一步测试，从晶圆水平到成品部分：

• 晶圆水平和装配。每种模具获得四个光学检查，以发现一旦组件内置在车辆电子系统中，就会导致失效的任何潜伏的缺陷。

• Final test, tape and reel.With even the best-designed semiconductor manufacturing processes, there’s a chance that rare and unexpected events (such as problems in manufacturing tools or raw materials) can result in anomalies that lead to early part failure. The automotive component manufacturing process includes额外的筛选，以识别这些“异常值”零件和批次before they find their way into customer products.

• 可靠性测试和文档。除了AEQ压力测试外，组件制造商还必须遵循已知的产品质量方案Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP). This includes producing an extensive documentation package covering the entire manufacturing process, test records, design/process failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), and other information. TheProduction Part Approval Process (PPAP)is a part of this APQP program.

合格的汽车组件有所作为

As cars evolve into four-wheeled computing devices, the quality of electronic components becomes even more critical to vehicle reliability and safety. Although an RF filter or PA qualified for automotive use may appear to have similar specifications to a component designed for general commercial use, don’t be fooled. A great deal of work goes into making sure that automotive components that adhere to the quality standards can stand up to the rigors of real-world conditions during the years that a car will be on the road.